- [[Henri Poincare]] noticed that even small changes in initial conditions of seemingly simple systems resulted in drastic, unpredictable changes in outcome - chaotic systems include weather, population growth, smoke, fluid turbulence - this is where the idea of the butterfly effect comes from https://www.amazon.com/Science-Definitive-Visual-Guide-DK-dp-0241446333/dp/0241446333/ref=dp_ob_title_bk