- [[Persian Empire, 559 - 331 BCE]] - [[Byzantine Empire, 395 - 1453]] - [[Rashidun Caliphate, 632 - 661]] - [[Umayyad Caliphate, 661 - 750]] - [[Abbasid Caliphate, 750 - 1258]] - [[Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923]] - [[Xerxes]] - [[Ibn Battuta]] - [[Al-Khwarizmi]] - [[Baghdad]] https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/introduction/chronology https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rashidun